UNITI Introduction to communications and Networking : Introduction – Fundamental concepts - Data communications – Protocols- standards - Standards organizations - Signal propagations- Analog and Digital signals- Bandwidth of a signal and a medium - Fourier analysis and the concept of bandwidth of a signal - The data transmission rate and the bandwidth. Information encoding: Introduction – Representing different symbols- Minimizing errors- Multimedia – Multimedia and Data compression. UNITII Analog and digital transmission methods: Introduction - Analog signal, Analog transmission - Digital signal, Digital transmission - Digital signal , Analog transmission - Baud rate and BVITs per second - Analog signal, Digital (Storage and) transmission - Nyquist Theorem. Modes of data transmission and Multiplexing: Introduction – Parallel and Serial communication - Asynchronous, Synchronous and Isochronous communication - Simplex, Half-duplex and Fullduplex communication – Multiplexing - Types of Multiplexing - FDM versus TDM. Transmission Errors: Detection and correction: Introduction – Error classification – Types of Errors – Error detection. UNIT III Transmission media: Introduction - Guided media - Unguided media - Shannon capacity. Network topologies, switching and routing algorithms: Introduction - Mesh topology - Star topology - Tree topology - Ring topology - Bus topology - Hybrid topology - Switching basics Circuit switching – Packet switching - Message switching - Router and Routing – Factors affecting routing algorithms - Routing algorithm -Approaches to routing. UNIT IV Networking protocols and OSI model: Introduction – Protocols in computer communications - The OSI model - OSI layer functions. Integrated services digital networking (ISDN): Introduction – Background of ISDN - ISDN architecture – ISDN interfaces - Functional grouping – Reference points - ISDN protocol architecture - Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) of ATM – Packet size – Virtual circuits in ATM – ATM cells – Switching – ATM layers – Miscellaneous Topics, Network protocols; IP, IPv4, IPv6, UPD, TCP,HTTP, SHTTP, FTP, POP, SMTP, etc.